A chemical property is any of a material's properties that becomes evident during a chemical reaction A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.. They are studied by chemists under a field of science called chemistry. It can be either spontaneous that is requiring no input of energy or non-spontaneous, that often comes about only after input of some form of energy, viz. heat,; that is, any quality that can be established only by changing a substance's chemical identity A chemical substance is a material with a specific chemical composition. Simply speaking, chemical properties cannot be determined just by viewing or touching the substance; the substance's internal structure A chemical structure includes molecular geometry, electronic structure and crystal structure of a chemical compound. Molecular geometry refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together. Molecular geometry can range from the very simple, such as diatomic oxygen or nitrogen molecules, to must be affected for its chemical properties to be investigated.
Chemical properties can be contrasted with physical properties A physical property is any aspect of an object or substance that can be measured or perceived without changing its identity. Physical properties can be intensive or extensive. An intensive property does not depend on the size or amount of matter in the object, while an extensive property does. In addition to extensiveness, properties can also be, which can be discerned without changing the substance's structure. However, for many properties within the scope of physical chemistry Physical chemistry is the explanation of macroscopic, microscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of physical concepts; sometimes using the principles, practices and concepts of physics like thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics and dynamics, and other disciplines at the border of chemistry Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme , meaning "earth") is the science concerned with the composition, behavior, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions. It is a physical science for studies of various atoms, molecules, crystals and other aggregates of matter whether in isolation or and physics Physics is a natural science; it is the study of matter and its motion through spacetime and all that derives from these, such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the world and universe behave, the distinction may be a matter of researcher's perspective Perspective in theory of cognition is the choice of a context or a reference from which to sense, categorize, measure or codify experience, cohesively forming a coherent belief, typically for comparing with another. One may further recognize a number of subtly distinctive meanings, close to those of paradigm, point of view, reality tunnel, umwelt,. Material properties A materials property is an intensive, often quantitative property of a material, usually with a unit that may be used as a metric of value to compare the benefits of one material versus another to aid in materials selection, both physical and chemical, can be viewed as supervenient In philosophy, supervenience is a kind of dependency relationship, typically held to obtain between sets of properties. According to one standard definition, a set of properties A supervenes on a set of properties B, if and only if any two objects x and y which share all properties in B must also share all properties in A (are "A-; i.e., secondary to the underlying reality. Several layers of superveniency are possible.
Chemical properties can be used for building chemical classifications Chemical classification systems attempt to classify elements or compounds according to certain chemical functional or structural properties. Whereas the structural properties are largely intrinsic, functional properties and the derived classifications depend to a certain degree on the type of chemical interaction partners on which the function is.
Examples of chemical properties
- Electronegativity Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the ability of an atom to attract electrons (or electron density) towards itself in a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic weight and the distance that its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus. The higher the associated
- Ionization potential The term ionization energy (of an atom or molecule) is most commonly used to refer to the work required to remove (to infinity) the topmost electron in the atom or molecule when the gas atom or molecule is isolated in free space and is in its ground electronic state. This quantity was formerly called ionization potential, and was at one stage
- pH balance
- Reactivity against other chemical substances A chemical substance is a material with a specific chemical composition
- Heat of combustion The heat of combustion is the energy released as heat when one mole of a compound undergoes complete combustion with oxygen. The chemical reaction is typically a hydrocarbon reacting with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and heat. It may be expressed with the quantities:
- Enthalpy of formation The standard enthalpy of formation "standard heat of formation" of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states . Its symbol is ΔHfO
- Toxicity Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell or an organ (organotoxicity), such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). By extension, the word may be
- Chemical stability in a given environment
- Flammability Flammability is defined at how easily something will burn or ignite, causing fire or combustion. The degree of difficulty required to cause the combustion of a substance is subject to quantification through fire testing. Internationally, a variety of test protocols exist to quantify flammability. The ratings achieved are used in building codes,
- Preferred oxidation state In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. The formal oxidation state is the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were 100% ionic. Oxidation states are typically represented by integers, which can be positive, negative, or zero(s)
- Coordination number
- Capability to undergo a certain set of transformations e.g. molecular dissociation Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which ionic compounds separate or split into smaller molecules, ions, or radicals, usually in a reversible manner. When a Bronsted-Lowry acid is put in water, a covalent bond between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom is broken by heterolytic fission, which gives a proton, chemical combination In combinatorial mathematics, a combination is an un-ordered collection of distinct elements, usually of a prescribed size and taken from a given set. Given such a set S, a combination of elements of S is just a subset of S, where, as always for (sub)sets the order of the elements is not taken into account (two lists with the same elements in, redox Redox describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. This can be either a simple redox process such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane (CH4), or it can be a complex process such as the oxidation of sugar in the human body reactions under certain physical conditions in the presence of another chemical substance A chemical substance is a material with a specific chemical composition
- Preferred types of bonds A chemical bond is an interaction between atoms or molecules and allows the formation of polyatomic chemical compounds. A chemical bond is the attraction caused by the electromagnetic force between opposing charges, either between electrons and nuclei, or as the result of a dipole. The strength of bonds varies considerably; there are "strong to form, e.g. metallic In chemistry, a metal is an element, compound, or alloy characterized by high electrical conductivity. In a metal, atoms readily lose electrons to form positive ions (cations); those ions are surrounded by delocalized electrons, which are responsible for the conductivity. The solid thus produced is held by electrostatic interactions between the, ionic An ion is an atom or molecule where the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge, covalent A covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, or between atoms and other covalent bonds. In short, attraction-to-repulsion stability that forms between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding
See also
- Physical property A physical property is any aspect of an object or substance that can be measured or perceived without changing its identity. Physical properties can be intensive or extensive. An intensive property does not depend on the size or amount of matter in the object, while an extensive property does. In addition to extensiveness, properties can also be
- Chemical structure A chemical structure includes molecular geometry, electronic structure and crystal structure of a chemical compound. Molecular geometry refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together. Molecular geometry can range from the very simple, such as diatomic oxygen or nitrogen molecules, to
- Material properties A materials property is an intensive, often quantitative property of a material, usually with a unit that may be used as a metric of value to compare the benefits of one material versus another to aid in materials selection
- Biological activity Pharmacological or biological activity is an expression describing the beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on living matter. When the drug is a complex chemical mixture, this activity is exerted by the substance's active ingredient or pharmacophore but can be modified by the other constituents. The main kind of biological activity is a
- Quantitative structure-activity relationship Quantitative structure-activity relationship (sometimes QSPR: quantitative structure-property relationship) is the process by which chemical structure is quantitatively correlated with a well defined process, such as biological activity or chemical reactivity (QSAR)
- Lipinski's Rule of Five, describing molecular properties of drugs
Categories: Chemistry Chemistry is defined as the science of matter, different from physics, in terms of its chemical structure, reactivity, properties and reactions or transformations. It is the science of matter, its structure, chemical reactivity and properties, and the transformations it undergoes. It is often called "the central science" because it is | Chemical properties
Blake Harris
Fri, 17 Jul 2009 21:44:00 GM
Using an instrument that measures the size, . chemical. composition and optical . properties. of aerosols in real time, they showed that jagged bits of fresh soot quickly become coated with a spherical shell of other chemicals, ...
